Water Quality Study of the Semenyih River

Water Quality Study of the Semenyih RiverSemenyih River is chosen as a sampling site in this study also this river is of limited importance in the study of get hold urine contamination beca employ fuck up irrigates from industries, mining, municipal sewage, agricultural and urban run-off are discharged into it bringing ab start hefty change in the urine woodland. In rack upition that, Semenyih River is one of the close to important rivers in Selangor because of its importance as pick of irrigate, fishing, and for recreation.B invest Status of the SubjectWater is an essential requirement of human and industrial developments and it is one the most delicate part of the environment (Das and Acharya, 2003). In the last few decades, there has been a tremendous increase in the lease for fresh urine due to rapid growth of population and the accelerated step of industrialization (Ramakrishnaiah et al. 2009). Assessment of the quantity and quality of pissing resources is im portant in hydro environment. The physical and biological properties of water resources are driven by m both environmental variables much(prenominal) as climate , water waste effluent (Creek 1999).Water quality indices are intended to provide a simple and intelligible tool for managers and decision makers on the quality and possible uses of a given water body. Basically, a (INWQS) attempts to provide a mechanism for presenting a cumulatively derived, numerical expression defining a certain level of water quality (Miller et al.1986). The water quality trends clearly show that the studyity of water quality parameters were high during wet season compared to dry season(Muhd.Barzani et al. 2008).Anthropogenic activities way pop out in signifi butttly decrease of surface water quality of aquatic systems in watersheds (May et al. 2006). Rivers in a watershed play a major role in assimilating or carrying off municipal and industrial wastewater and runoff from agriculturalland. River i nflows contribute main pollutants to most rivers in a watershed, thereby tending toinduce serious ecological and vigorous problems. On the former(a) hand, rivers constitute the main water resources for domestic, industrial, and irrigation purposes in a watershed. Thus it is imperative to prevent and apply river pollution and to occupy tested information on the quality of water for effective management. Generally, water-related environmental quality is in bad condition due to a great adopt of waste, excessive reclamation, over-fishing, and frequent petroleum spills (Chen et al. 2003). The water quality of rivers is characterized by a high degree of heterogeneity in space and time, due to the chassis of land cover nigh them. This often makes it difficult to identify water conditions and pollution sources, which is necessary for effective pollution control and water resource management (Kunwar et al. 2005).Malaysia division of environment (DOE) has stated that agriculture and livestock plays a main role in contributing river water pollution among another(prenominal) polluter. Livestock wastewater contains high concentration of organic and inorganic normality compound, pathogenic bacteria and high concentration of ammonium hydroxide-nitrogen. In addition, animals waste have been well documented to cause severe environmental damage in rivers which nutrient rich waste runoff give r for each one surface water, where it depletes type O and increase the algae production. Beside serious environmental problem, animal waste also whitethorn become a source of various diseases such as infectious worm larvae hatched from the worm eggs passed out with the feces contamination encrusted with organic matter is an ideal teaching ground of harmful bacteria. (Anon 2001).In Malaysia, the riverine ecosystem is of particular interest since river water provides around 98% of the countrys water requirements (Azhar 2000). Therefore, contamination of river waters poses a s erious wellness risk to the public. The monitoring of river water quality is under the responsibility of the Department of Environment Malaysia (DOE 1998).According to Muhamad Barzani et al (2005), Semenyih River showed increase in pollution levels due to human activities which is associated with urbanization, industrialization, agriculture and mining activities. researchers studied the water quality in the Semenyih River Basin base on many parameters such as frame, COD, DO, NH3-N, TSS,TDS and others, they stated that the range of deterioration in water quality in the river wide-ranging depending on the percentage of change in land-use. So the land -use activities within the basin essential be carefully planned and controlled for protect the water resource and quality status.C The Strength and Significance of the ResearchThe implication of this look for is to provide some water quality entropy base on the degree of contamination of the Semenyih River. The strength of this e nquiry lies in its specific focus oncreation water management study based on INWQS, that can be used as reference to other researchers who is interested in knowing Semenyih River and for the people to be attentive forthe wellness situations. In addition, this research depart be benefit for researchers particularly who pauperization to know information about the river.D ReferencesAnon. 2001. Water outgoing From Pig Farms In Sabah-A Preliminary Investigation Of TheKey Environmental outcome (Unpublished). State Environmental Conservation Department,Sabah.APHA. 1998. Standard methods for the examination of waterwaste 20th ed, the States manHealth Association, Washington, DC.Azhar, M.G. 2000. Managing Malaysian Water Resources Development Special air onIssues of Citizens Health 2000. Corporate Development, Department of Irrigation andDrainage, Kuala Lumpur,Malaysia, pp 40-58.Chen, Y .W., Fan, C.X., Katrin,T., et al. 2003. Changes of nutrients and phytoplanktonchlorophyll-a in a lar ge shallow lake, Taihu, China an 8-year investigation.Hydrobiologia,506 273-279.Creeks.1999.promoting watershed awareness, http//www.aoinstitute.org/sausal.accessedApril21,1999.Das, J., Acharya, B.C. 2003. Hydrology and assessment of lotic water quality in Cuttack city,India. Water, Air, Soil Pollut., 150 163-175.DOE Department of Environment. 1998. Malaysia Environment Quality Report 1998.Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.Kunwar, P.S., Amrita, M., Sarita,S. 2005. Water quality assessment and allocation ofpollution sources of Gomti River(India) using multivariate statistical techniques, 538355-374.May, A.M., Mutasem, E., Mark, D. S., et al. 2006. Factors influencing development ofmanagement strategies for the Abou Ali River in Lebanon. Sci Total Environ, 36215-30.Miller,W.W.,Joung, H.M.,Mahannah,C.N.,Garrett.J.R.1986.Identification of water qualitydifferenees in Nevada through index application. J .Environment Quality 15,265-272.Muhd.Barzani Ga sim.2008.Water Quality of Several Feeder Rivers between TwoSeasons in Tasik Chini ,Pahang .Sains Mal .313-321.Muhd.Barzani,. Ismail, B. S.,Wan, N. A., Muhammad,I.Y,.Marlia,M.H.2005.Water Qualityassessment of the Semenyih River basin langor, Malaysia. Jurnal Biosains, 16(1)-95.Nives,S.G.1999.Water Quality Evaluation by major power in Dalmatla, InstituteSplit,Vukovarska46, 21000Split,Croatia.Okeke, C.O., Igboanua, A.H. 2003. Characteristics and quality assessment of surface waterand groundwater recourses of Akwa Town, Southeast, Nigeria. J. Niger. Assoc.Hydrol. Geol., 14 71-77.Ramakrishnaiah, C.R., Sadashivalah, C. 2009. Assessment of water quality index for thegroundwater in Tumkur Taluk, Karnataka State. Indian J. Chem., 6 523-530.IV RESEARCH APPROACHA Research orderologyThis research pull up stakes be carried out in six stages ,as followsStage 1 Literature ReviewThis stage involves a belles-lettres revaluation on the status study of water quality in Semenyih River _ level of p ollution, spreading, estimation, and the reasons of contamination. Because with the nonstop increase of population, the pollutant factors exit become increasing.Stage 2 Recognisance bailiwickBased on findings in Stage1, a recognisance survey go away be carried out to view the site of assay stations. The selection entrust take into consideration the locations that samples entrust collect from them in Semenyih River.Stage 3 Field workField work forget be carried out at the selected site in Stage 2. Activities leave alonebe as the adjacent the river get out be divided into seven stations. In each station twain samples allow for be collected. Water samples will be collected in clean bottlesand the samples will be kept in iced store and will be branched at the lab, whilethe BOD (Biochemical atomic number 8 demand)samples must be collected in black and colored bottles, light can not penetrate it. The following parameters are unmoved(p)parameters that will be measurable i n the field work.PH.Conductivity.DO (Dissolved Oxygen).TemperatureTDS(Total fade away solids)All these parameters will be carried out in-situ and the equipment must beCalibrated before taking any measurements.Stage 4 testing ground / Analytical workThe following water quality parameters such as (BOD, NO3, NH3-N, PO4, SO4, and E.coli) would be canvas in the laboratory .all analysis will finish in accordance with metre methods and will conduct within deductible holding times.a- BOD (Biochemical oxygen demand) BOD5 Measures the amount of oxygenused by bacteria and other microorganisms during a quintet -days period. Water quality samples will be stored in ii black bottles .dissolved oxygen in the rootage bottles will measure in-situ with DO meter and the reading will be record as DO1. Second samples will be kept at 20C for five days , dissolved oxygen will measure again as DO5.BOD will be obdurate from the difference between DO1 and DO5.b- NO3 (Nitrate)Cadmium Reduction Metho d will use for measurement of treat parameter. Fifteen ml water sample will enthrone into measuring cylinder. NitraVer 6 nitrate Reagent Powder Pillow will be added and shaken for three minutes. Then, the solution will be allowed to derive for two minutes. Then, 10 ml water samples will displace into carrel and added with NitriteVer 3 Nitrite Regent Powder Pillow. Sample cell will resume and shake for 30 seconds. Samples will be analyzed by spectrophotometer HACH euchre with syllabus 351N ,Nitare LR. 10 ml of water will use sample as a blank.c- NH3-N (ammonia nitrogen)Nessler Method will be used for ammonia nitrogen measurement. Water samples (25 ml) and 25 ml deionized water will put in two cylinders and three drops of mineral stabilizer will be added into each cylinder. The cylinders will shake for one minute. Then, three drops of Polyvinyl Alcohol Dispersing agent will add to the solution. The solution will shake and 1ml of reagent Nessler (K2HgI4) will add and shake a gain for one minute. All solution will be put into sample cell and analyzed by spectrophotometer HACH DR 500 which is plan 380 N, Ammonia, Ness will be selected. Deionized water will use as blank (HACH 2003).d- PO4 (Phosphate) battery-acid Ascorbic (Phos Ve r 3) Methods will use for measurement of inorganic phosphate . Ten ml water sample will be put into cell sample and added with Phos Ver 3 Powder Pillow and shaken for two minutes. Sampleswill be analyzed by spectrophotometer HACH 500 with program 490 P React, PV. Water sample without treatment will use as a blank.e-SO4 (Sulphate) Sulfa Ver 4 Method will use for sulphate measurement. Ten ml water sample will be put into cell sample and added with Sulfa Ver 4 Powder Pillow and shaken for five minutes. Spectrophotometer HACH DR 500 will use for analysis the sample by program 680 Sulfate. water sample without treatment will use as a blank. .f- Faecal coliform (E. coli) the tissue layer filtration technique will be used forthe col iforms group, including faecal coliforms. After 24 hours of collection ,water samples (10ml)will serially dilute with 90 ml phosphate saline buffer. This method consists of feeding a measured volume of water through a filter membrane ticket enough to trap the bacteria, and placing of filter on a growth long suit (chromocult coliform agar) in a petri dish. The 0.45m nitro-cellulose membrane will use. After filtration and placing thefilter membrane on the cultural medium. The plates will incubate for 24 hours at 37C. The number ofcolonies growth at the membrane will be counted and recorded as the colony forming units(CFU)Step-by-step procedures (1) Collect the sample and make any necessary dilutions. (2) Select the tolerate nutrient or culture medium. cope the broth into a sterile Petri dish, evenly saturating the absorbent pad.(3)Flame theForceps, and remove the membrane from the sterile package. (4) tail end the membrane filter into the move assembly.(5) Flame the gushing(a ) lip of the sample container and pour the sample into the funnel.(6) Turn on the senselessness and allow the sample to draw completely through the filter.(7) Rinse funnel with sterile buffered water. Turn on vacuum and allow the liquid to draw completely through the filter.(8) Flame the forceps and remove the membrane filter from the funnel.(9) Place the membrane filter into the prepared Petri dish.(10) Incubate at the proper temperature and for the appropriate time period.(11) Count the colonies under 10 15 X magnification. (12) tolerate the colonies and report the results.Stage 5 selective information compilation and renditionData will be compiled as follows (a) Location of site, (b) Quantity of pollution and elaborateness in the river, (c) Evaluation of water quality in the river, (d) The reasons of contamination, (e) data will use a suitable statistical analysis create by mental act to process and analyse.Stage 6 Report writing and submissionIt is anticipate that the get wind will comprise the following chapters (a)Introduction, (b) Objectives and rationales of the study, (c) Overview, (d)Methodology and study area description, (e) analysis and parole of results(f) Conclusion and recommendation for further work.B Research ActivitiesThe research activities covering the two-semester period of study are as follows1. Literature review (July 2010- October2010)A literature review on the status study of water quality at Semenyih River- level of pollution, spreading, estimation, and the reasons of contamination. Because with the continuous increase of population around the river, the pollutant factors will become increasing.2. Recognisance survey (July 2010)Based on the literature review, a recognisance survey will be carried out to determine the site of sample stations. The selection will take into considerationthe locations that samples will collect from them in Semenyih River.3. Field work (July and November2010)Field work will be carried out at the se lected after the recognisance survey.Activities include The river will be divided into seven stations. In each stationtwo samples will be collected. Water samples will be collected in clean bottlesand the samples will be kept in iced store and will be processed at the lab, whilethe BOD (Biochemical oxygen demand) samples must be collected in black anddark bottles, light can not penetrate it. The following parameters will be measuredin the field work.(1)PH, (2)TDS, (3) Conductivity, (4) DO (Dissolved Oxygen),(5)Temperature.4. Laboratory / Analytical work (August2010 and December2010)This part constitutes the following activities (a) The following water quality parameters such as (BOD, NO3, NH3-N, PO4, SO4, E.coli) would be analyzed in the laboratory .all analyses will perform in accordance with standard methods and will conduct within allowable holding times. (a) BOD (Biochemical oxygen demand) BOD5 Measures the amount of oxygen used by bacteria and other microorganisms during a five -days period, (b) NO3 (Nitrate) Cadmium Reduction Method will use for measurement of nitrate parameter, (c) NH3-N (ammonia nitrogen)Nessler Method will be used for ammonia nitrogen measurement, (d) PO4 (Phosphate) Acid Ascorbic (Phos Ve r 3) Methods will use for measurement of phosphate. (e) SO4 (Sulphate) Sulfa Ver 4 Method will use for sulphate measurement (i) Fecal coliform (E. coli) the membrane filtration technique will be used for the coliforms group, including fecal coliforms.5. Data compilation and interpretation (December 2010- February 2011)Data will be compiled as follows (a) Location of site, (b) Quantity of pollution and expansion in the river, (c) Evaluation of water quality in the river, (d) The reasons of contamination, (e) data will use a suitable statistical analysis programme to process and analyse.6. Report writing and submission (February April 2011)It is anticipated that the project will comprise the following chapters (a)Introduction, (b) Objectives and rati onales of the study, (c) Overview (d)Methodology and study area description, (e) analysis and discussion of results(f) Conclusion and recommendation for further work.C Key Milestones of the ResearchThe do of the research will be monitored through three key milestones, as followsAugust 2010Completion of major field work, samples are throw to be analysed.March2011Completion of major laboratory and analytical work, data are ready for interpretation.May 2011Submission of thesis.The research activities are shown in Appendix.D Risks of the ResearchRisks Degree of RisksEffect of weather on the sampling programme precise Low(Time-related risk)Shortage of time lowV BENEFITS OF THE RESEARCHIt is anticipated that the findings of this research will benefit the following sectorsKnowledgeFrom this study we will know pollution status at Rompin River and the sources that caused this pollution. In the future, the findings for this research may be benefit for people who live on the two sides of th e river.Public and Private SectorsThis study could be one of the components to built management control methods that may be more effective and economic.