Sigmund Freud s Theory Of Psychology - 2134 Words

Theorists. Sigmund freud Sigmund freud showed importance of all childhood experiences and different events, Sigmund very much concerntrated on the mental disorders other than the normal functioning. According to Sigmund freud children’s development is portrayed as a array of psychosexual stages. In the three essays of sexuality Sigmund Freud zoned these stages as oral, anal, phallic, latency and genital. All of the stages which are involved in the fulfillment the pleasure of a libidinal wish and can then later on play a part in adult behavior. If a child doesn’t effectively complete a stage, Freud suggested that he or she would develop a fascination that would then later on effect adult personality and behavior. Erik erikson Erik Erikson’s theory was greatly influenced by Sigmund freuds theory, following Sigmund freuds theory to do with the structure of personalities, but freud was an id psychologist, erk erikson was an ego psychologist. erikson highlighted the part of culture and society and also the battles that happen with the ego, but Freud stressed the battle between the superego and the id. Apparently Erikson reported that the ego grows as it positively resolves disasters that are definitely common in nature. This involves having trust within others, emerging an intellect of individuality in society and also helping the next generation to make the future. Erikson covers on Freuds views by concerntrating on the adaptive and imaginative characteristics of the egoShow MoreRelatedSigmund Freud s Theory Of Psychology1222 Words   |  5 Pagesof Europe, an Austrian neurologist and founder of psychoanalysis named Sigmund Freud constructed an original approach to the understanding of human psychol ogy. Prior to the founding of psychoanalysis, mental illness was thought to come from some kind of deterioration or disease rooted in the brain. The certitude that physical diseases of the brain induced mental illness signified that psychological origins were disregarded. Freud insisted on studying the topic hoping to change the way society thoughtRead MoreSigmund Freud s Theory Of Psychology1283 Words   |  6 PagesSigmund Freud (1856-1939), is a pioneer in the field of psychology in various ways. His dedication to his field helped shape the minds of many nineteen-century contemporary schools of thought. Most notably, Freud’s work in psychoanalytic theory, according to Tan (2011) earned him the title of, â€Å"father of psychoanalysis† (p. 322). Moreover, Tan Taykeyesu (2011) report that Freud’s genius is not just in psychoanalysis, but also when we â€Å"think Oedipus complex, infantile sexuality, and repression†Read MoreSigmund Freud s Theory Of Psychology942 Words   |  4 PagesSigmund Freud continues to be the subject of conversation in the field of psychology. The conversations seem to lead to Freud versus another imperative person in the field, such as B.F. Skinner. According to Overskeid (2007) most research articles focus on the difference between the two. Here the author takes a different approach, looks at similarities within the psychanalysis dynamics. The two agreed upon human predicament that people are controlled by forces which they are not conscious (OverskeidRead MoreSigmund Freud s Theory Of Psychology1233 Words   |  5 Pages Sigmund Freud is the idealist that concepted the idea of verbal psychotherapy, Freudian Psychology. His theories of psychoanalysis are based upon understand the unconscious mind. His ideals portray that there are three key components that are responsible for a human beings personality. These compon ents include id, ego and superego. Freud s major contributions to todays society and study of psychology are his theories on the unconscious mind, dreams, libido, infantile sexuality, repression and transferenceRead MoreSigmund Freud s Theory Of Psychology1299 Words   |  6 Pagesand touch known as the â€Å"mesmeric pass† (Kirsch et.al., 1995). Psychoanalysis was introduced by Sigmund Freud. Freud conceptualized the mind, metaphorically, as an ancient, buried ruin which had to been unearthed much like an archeologist would unearth the treasures of an ancient civilization. Freud s influence can be traced from his hard core natural science background as a student of neurology. Freud s version of psychoanalysis had its predecessor in the work with hysterics conducted by neurologistsRead MoreSigmund Freud s Theory Of Psychology Essay967 Words   |  4 PagesPsychoanalysis is an approach to psychology that was made well known as a way to bring for the unconscious to the conscious. It is theorized that the memories that we store in our unconscious affects us, and can cause neurotic behaviors. The approaches also include Analytical, Individual. Three people that worked on these theories are Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, and Alfred Adler. Each of these men approached psychoanalysis in both similar and individual ways, and have thei r own theories that will be furtherRead MoreSigmund Freud s Theory Of Psychology And Psychology1073 Words   |  5 PagesLuwanna Perry Theories Counseling 06/27/2014 Sigmund Freud Sigmund Freud is considered to be the most important figures in the field of psychiatry and psychology. His ideas about psychoanalysis were developed in the 1800’s but are still being used today in the mental health field (www.studymode.com). Sigmund Freud was one of the pioneers/innovator of modern-day psychology. â€Å"As the originator of psychoanalysis, Freud distinguished himself as anRead MoreSigmund Freud s Theory Of Psychology1568 Words   |  7 Pages Freud Sigmund Yifan Wang Current issues in history Vanier College 2014-11-11 Freud Sigmund In the 19th century, people progressed toward a new era of scientific revolution with new inventions and technologies. Doctors find treatment to heal cancer and people lives longer than before. On the other hand, Freud Sigmund the Jewish psychiatrist offered a new cure to mental illness that individual suffers from (The European Graduate School, 2012). Although he may have the most of influenceRead MoreSigmund Freud s Theory Of Psychology Essay980 Words   |  4 PagesAt the start psychology was not a science; it was ‘made up’. In pre-historic age it was believed any behaviour that swayed from ‘the norm’ was due to demonic spirits possessing the brain. Advances in treatments and medicine, allow us to recognise how barbarous this belief was. The progress of these advances was clear by the opening of the first experimental laboratory in 1879 by Wilhelm Wundt. Wundt’s establishment of psychology as an academic discipline exaggerated how obsolete the pr evious wayRead MoreSigmund Freud s Theory Of Psychology Essay1215 Words   |  5 PagesSigmund Freud, originally a neurologist, is a well-known psychologist that developed the field of psychoanalytic psychology. Although he died in 1939 his theories and practices live on and many psychologists will still consult Freud’s ideas when faced with specific cases. Freud was a firm believer in the notion that sex and aggression is the root of motivation for all human behavior and many people agree with him, but one of his former collogues, Alfred Adler, would come to disagree with this idea

The Biology and Diversity of Extant Reptiles Essay

The Biology and Diversity of Extant Reptiles The word reptile itself does not describe a monophyletic group of vertebrates, like the mammals or birds. It is used to classify a polyphyletic group of animals that are a subset of the larger group of Amniotes. The term is best described through a cladogram: [IMAGE] The reptiles first appeared in the early Carboniferous, having evolved from labyrinthodont amphibians. They had several distinct advantages over the amphibians that allowed them to flourish during the cold, dry Permian period. These lead them to be the most successful group of vertebrates and this period was referred to as the age of reptiles. They exploited all terrestrial niches,†¦show more content†¦Because of this reptiles were able withstand osmotic water loss and re-invade the sea. The Chelonia (turtles) have become the most prolific marine reptile and they also have an interesting skin that is worth mentioning. The have a shell covering their body, made out of a horny layer attached to a denser bony layer. It comes in two pieces, the carapace, for dorsal protection and the plastrom for ventral protection. 2 Excretion. Reptiles have modified their excretory products to conserve water. Because they do not have a complex enough kidney to produce urea they create uric acid, a large molecule that has a very low water content. Although the water content is lower than urea the trade off is that the molecule is expensive to make. Reptiles also reduce the water content of their faeces through active removal of NaCl. This creates an osmotic gradient to draw water out and desiccate the excrement. The excess NaCl is then excreted through the nose. 3 Creation of the cloaca. This is a cavity into which the urinary, alimentary and genital ducts open. It has three sections, the coprodaeum where faeces collect and enter, the urodeum where the ureter empties out and water is removed and finally the proctodaeum, the collection point for uric acid and faeces. This centralisation of all the excretory products allows for greater water retention as well as providing for theShow MoreRelatedEssay about Evidence for Evolution920 Words   |  4 Pages Evolution and Diversity†¨ Evolution and Diversity The foundation for the theory of evolution was laid by Charles Darwin (Rose, n.d.). He developed hypotheses about natural selection which helped scientists develop the theory. Evolution is a theory and not a hypothesis because evolution has been proven by vast amounts of scientific data, research, and testing. The definition of a hypothesis is an educated explanation that needs to be researched and tested but has not yetRead MoreEssay about Placental Ruminants and Herbivorous Marsupials of Australia3561 Words   |  15 Pagesmarsupial animal species that have evolved on the isolated continent of Australia are unique compared to the rest of the animal kingdom in many ways due to the harsh and distinctive environment found on the continent. The major area of marsupial biology that distinguishes them from all other eutherian mammals is their mode of reproduction. However, it can be said that there are many other areas in which unique differences can be seen between marsupials an d eutherian mammals; one such area of adaptationRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesTitle. HD58.7.R62 2012 658.3—dc23 2011038674 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ISBN 10: 0-13-283487-1 ISBN 13: 978-0-13-283487-2 Brief Contents Preface xxii 1 2 Introduction 1 What Is Organizational Behavior? 3 The Individual 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Diversity in Organizations 39 Attitudes and Job Satisfaction 69 Emotions and Moods 97 Personality and Values 131 Perception and Individual Decision Making 165 Motivation Concepts 201 Motivation: From Concepts to Applications 239 3 The Group 9 10 11

13 Days and the Cold War Essay Sample free essay sample

The film 13 yearss describes the existent events that happened during the Cuban missile crisis of 1962. It was the first clip during the Cold War that United States and the Soviet Union about engaged in all-out atomic war. The president of the United States at the clip was John F. Kennedy ( Bruce Greenwood ) . He had to instantly make up ones mind the most effectual manner of action for the state after seeing images from a U-2 undercover agent plane demoing missiles in Cuba placed by the Soviet Union capable of destructing monolithic countries of the state. With the aid of particular adjunct Kenny O’Donnell ( Kevin Costner ) and lawyer General. besides Brother Robert F. Kennedy ( Kevin Costner ) . the President must avoid bad determinations that could take to a war with the Soviets since it involved atomic arms and that would besides forestall them from occupying Berlin. Another of import character during the event is the Chief of staff of the USAF General Curtis LeMay ( Kevin Conway ) who would prefer to take immediate action and occupy Cuba instead than happening a warless solution. The film focuses on the meetings and treatments held in the White House where the President took some clip to eventually denote the struggle that developed a widespread terror in the state. The secretary of Defense Robert McNamara ( Dylan Baker ) and Ambassador of the United States to the UN Adlai Stevenson played critical functions during that period by demoing images of the missiles at the UN meeting when the tenseness of a war started lifting. The first measure that the United States took in response to the images of the missiles is telling the U. S Naval forces to halt all the ships come ining Cuban Waterss and look intoing if they were transporting any arms. In response to the encirclement done by the U. S. the Soviets wanted the U. S to publicly denote that they will neer occupy Cuba. Later on. a 2nd status is proposed by the Sovietss that deal with the U. S taking its Jupiter missiles from Turkey. Since the Cold War was a tight competition between the two powers. the United St ates decided to disregard the 2nd status proposed by the Soviet Union and seek to reason the trade with the first status merely. In the interim. different actions are done without informing the President such as the U. S violative missile. Furthermore. the President’s Brother Robert F. Kennedy was assigned to complete the trade at the Soviet embassy by accepting that the United States will neer occupy Cuba and he besides accepted the 2nd status which consists of taking all Jupiter missiles from Turkey but his status was to maintain it a secret understanding between the two powers and non announced publicly. On the other manus. Robert F. Kennedy wanted the Soviet Union to take the missiles in Cuba. To outdo understand how the two powers came to the phase of the Cuban Missiles of 1962. an account of the development and advancement of the Cold War is necessary. First of all. what need to be said about it is that. it is a war that was fought through thoughts and political agencies instead than military intercession. The tenseness started after the success of the two powers with a impermanent confederation t o breakdown the Nazi Germany. go forthing them with political differences that turned into a competition of who is traveling to govern the universe politically and economically. At the terminal World War II in 1945. the Soviets occupied Eastern Europe by straight busying states like Poland. Latvia. Estonia. Lithuania. Eastern Finland and Eastern Romania as Soviet Socialistic Republics. presenting Communism and the United States along with Alliess such as Britain. France occupied West Europe back uping Capitalism with Berlin as the in-between point. At the Potsdam Conference. Harry S. Truman. the President of the United States in that period and Joseph Stalin as the Premier of the Soviet Union started to hold really different positions about the hereafter development of Germany and Eastern Europe and that is when Truman informed Stalin about the ownership of a powerful arm. On the other manus. Stalin replied stating that he liked the intelligence and that he hoped that it will be used against Japan. which was the instance since the U. S bombed Hiroshima and Nagasaki a hebdomad after. Other states that the Soviets took over after the release from the Nazis and that were converted to satellite provinces are Poland. Bulgaria. Hungary. Czechoslovak. and Albania. On February of 1946. The U. S introduced the â€Å"Long Telegram† from Moscow that subsequently became the basic scheme against the Soviet Union. Sometime on that same twelvemonth. the Soviets did the same thing by doing the ‘†Novikov Telegram† . The competition kept lifting between the two powers and the British Prime Minister at the clip. Winston Churchill gave a address in Fulton. Missouri saying the Anglo-American against the Soviet Union. A twelvemonth subsequently in 1947. the British authorities announced that it could no longer finance the Grecian military against the Communist moving ridge and the American response to the proclamation was the allotment of $ 400 million given to the Grecian authorities in order to counter the Communism and that helped them win the military civil war. The fund was called the Truman Doctrine. In June of the same twelvemonth. the U. S supplied another fund known as the Marshall program which consisted of economically assisting all the European states. Greece. Turkey. including the 1s governed by the Soviets after an unsuccessful effort to acquire to an understanding with the Soviet to decide the German state of affairs by making an independent system. The intent of the fund was to recons truct Europe from the effects of the war and to forestall political revolutions from the Soviets through communist parties. Another of import event that took topographic point during the same twelvemonth was the creative activity of the Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) and the National Security Council that became the chief disposals for the U. S policy during the Cold War. In response to the Marshal program. Stalin believed that by accepting fund from the U. S. Eastern states will get away Soviet control. so he rejected the assistance and introduced the Molotov program which was a system that created economic confederation between the states under Soviet control in order to forestall them to trust on American Aid and to merchandise between each other. Many representative of Western powers started happening solutions in order to industrialise Germany one time once more and they besides introduced a new currency named Deutsche Mark that replaced the old currency debased by the Soviets. In1948. Stalin decided to halt all the supply coming from the East boundary line to the West side. In response to Stali n Acts of the Apostless. Western states along with other states such as Canada. Australia and New Zealand introduced the â€Å"Berlin Airlift† that helped provide West Berlin with nutrient and other demands. A twelvemonth after. the North Atlantic Treaty Organization was created affecting Britain. France. United States. Canada and other Western states which is a military organisation that would assist counter a military onslaught from Soviets or others. On the Asiatic side. The U. S along with the Nationalist Government was defeated against the people’s Liberation Army and which subsequently became ally with the Sovietss. Due to the events. the Truman disposal reinforced the defence and started expands control into Asia. Africa and Latin America to counter nationalist motion. frequently financed by the Soviet Union. The consequence of the U. S enlargement was a figure of confederations with Japan. Australia. New Zealand. Thailand and the Philippines that resulted in a long term military bases. By 1950. North Korean People’s Army invaded South Korea and the UN along with its Western Alliess. Australia. South Africa joined to halt the onslaught. The military construction of N ATO strengthened from the event of the Korean War and the British functionaries tried took the enterprise to stop the struggle by allowing the UN decide it and take out all foreign forces. 3 old ages subsequently. Joseph Stalin died and Nikita Khrushchev became the new Soviet leader denoting Stalin’s offenses. In the interim. Dwight D. Eisenhower took office in the U. S presidential term and started to cut down military financess and fight the war more efficaciously. About 10 old ages has passed since the beginning of the Cold War and the world of the war between the two powers became a battle between Communism and Capitalism. In Khrushchev political positions were different than Stalin since he supported war. He threatened the West states repeatedly about atomic extinction and claimed that the Soviet arm were much more destructive than the U. S missiles. In 1958. the Soviet leader gave an ultimatum to the West Alliess to take their military personnels from Berlin ; nevertheless his call was rejected by NATO. Furthermore. The U. S and the Soviets competed in act uponing 3rd universe states even though some states choose to remain impersonal and non to take a political or economic side. The following twelvemonth in 1959. the relationship between Cuba and the United States wasn’t traveling good since the revolutionist of the clip Fidel Castro didn’t back up the thought of trusting on the United States economically. Before Dwight D. Ei senhower left office. he improved the U. S-Cuban relationship until toilet F. Kennedy took office after him in 1961 and ordered along with the CIA the failed invasion of the island in â€Å"Las Vilas Province† which publicly degraded the United States. The Soviet Union took advantage of the state of affairs and brought support to Cuba. At the same clip in Berlin. major figure of immature professionals started to immigrate from the East side to the West sing more chances and better hereafter which resulted in a major â€Å"brain drain’’ . The Soviets reacted by constructing a barrier that subsequently became the Berlin Wall in order to halt the out-migration. Coming back to Cuba. the U. S president and his disposal were happening ways to coup detat of the Cuban authorities and since the Soviets heard about the U. S program ; they decided to convey missiles to Cuba. As shown on the film 13 Days. this was the clip that brought the two powers the closest to a atomic war. Fortunately. the determination to a war didn’t take topographic point. the Soviets agreed to take the missiles from Cuba if the U. S announce publicly that it will neer occupy Cuba and to take out their military personnels from Turkey.

Mis on Fmcg Essay Example For Students

Mis on Fmcg Essay A management information system (MIS) is a system or process that provides information needed to manage organizations effectively. Management information systems are regarded to be a subset of the overall internal controls procedures in a business, which cover the application of people, documents, technologies, and procedures used by management accountants to solve business problems such as costing a product, service or a business-wide strategy. Management information systems are distinct from regular information systems in that they are used to analyze other information systems applied in operational activities in the organization. Management Information Systems (MIS) is a field of science that studies on (1) How better we can manage technologies (2) How better we can design information systems, in order to enhance a firms effectiveness, efficiency and profitability. A strong MNC presence in the FMCG (Fast Moving Consumer Goods) sector, the existence of a wide distribution network, intense competition, the availability of key raw materials, lower labour costs, and a presence across the entire value chain have resulted in a thriving market for FMCG companies. The sector will grow by over 50 percent in rural and semi-urban India by 2010. With the opening up of the Indian market to foreign players, Indian companies have increased their use of IT as a business tool. Indeed, it has become an essential element for these companies to understand the needs of their customers and handle their employees. Many FMCG companies need to consolidate their information base that’s been accumulated from different sources. As these companies have operations spread across India, the major problem they are facing is data integration. In order to bring efficiency to their processes, they are deploying different IT solutions to keep online information about their manufacturing plants, distribution points, distributors and retailers. After identifying the need for integration, companies are deploying software to increase operational efficiency. IT solutions expose weak links in the value chain, increase departmental inter-action, improve processes, and speed-up decision-making. Enterprise hardware continues to keep its lion’s share of IT spending by FMCG companies. Area in the enterprise hardware segment is networking, the demand curve of which is also moving upwards. Many FMCG companies are using PDAs for capturing data either from the supply chain or from retail outlets, especially in rural areas. Growing ERP market As per the survey, 27 percent of FMCG companies invested in ERP last year, while 93 percent are planning to invest in the coming fiscal. Companies are deploying ERP systems to optimise the distribution network and improve delivery mechanisms. Implementing IT solutions has led to an improvement in the service levels of these companies vis-a-vis their dealers through the redressal of potential stock-out situations. This has also been made possible due to better visibility of sales, inventory and production in progress data. While companies such as HLL, Eveready, Britannia and Samsung India are depending on vendors to implement the solutions, LG Electronics has deployed solutions developed in-house. Meanwhile, Britannia recently upgraded its SAP application to mySAP, and integrated the same with Lotus Notes. T S Purushothaman, Britannia’s Corporate Manager for IT and Systems says, â€Å"The factors that we focus on while taking the decision to purchase are financial strengths, experience, team strength, customer base and references from others. Outsourcing down Maintenance of IT infrastructure is the principal area of outsourcing among FMCGs, but the trend has gone down. Last year 30 percent of respondents from this sector had outsourced their IT activities; this time around only 22 percent of them intend to do so. The most important factor influencing outsourcing is the desire to reduce costs and focus on core competencies. The factors that companies look at while deciding to outsource are the consultant’s specialisation, vendor’s specialization and reputation, and also the expenditure involved in the process. Unsere Sprache hat's verdient EssayIn data warehousing, data mining and the BI segment, FMCG enterprises invested 20 percent in the previous financial year and 47 percent intend to do so this fiscal. â€Å"The FMCG sector has been very technology-savvy, and is an early adopter of IT. Today, on one hand, we have global companies operating in India, but on the other hand we also have many Indian companies operating globally. Business application solutions have enabled these companies to globalise rapidly, and roll out processes which are fine-tuned to the requirements of each geography. † In the CRM segment, 20 percent of FMCGs have invested and 33 percent will invest in this fiscal. 0 percent have invested in SCM and 47 percent going to invest in 2006-07. Most FMCG giants are investing in SFA. Purushothaman head of Britannia continues, â€Å"Technology remains an integral part of our business. We need to upgrade our technology in line with the constant changes that occur. As compared to the investments made in 2005-06, we are planning to invest 20-25 percent more in 2006-07. Our business aspirations invariably necessitate investments in technology. Our customer demand and business growth have invariably been serviced with periodic technology upgrades. We are confident that technology will continue to help us ramp up business volumes while keeping operational costs low. † On its part, Eveready spent nearly Rs 6 crore last year and would like to increase the investment this year. Elaborates Choudhury of everyday: â€Å"We are planning to implement Stocky from Botree for our distributors. This solution will help us get the secondary market’s pulse on a daily basis, and would be a significant step in understanding our vast distribution network consisting of 4,000 distributors and two million retail outlets. It would also integrate with our management information tools and help us understand which markets are doing well and which need improvement. † As 72 percent of large enterprises have a well-documented security policy in place, only 18 percent want to invest in security devices, hence there is not much demand for such devices in the coming financial year. But ERP vendors should come up with new solutions to tap the growing market as 93 percent of the respondents to the survey said they would invest in the coming year.

Southwestern Eurpean Nationalism Essays - Nationalism, Nation

Southwestern Eurpean Nationalism Nationalism is an ideology that differs from nation to nation. It is the idea that molds nations into what they become. Its the idea that helps define territories and places. The nations that will be most concentrated on in this paper will be from Southeastern Europe. Nationalism in these countries will then be compared to the definition of nationalism that Ernest Renan gives in his famous essay What is a nation? Nationalism is a rather recent development in the human social formation. During the Enlightenment, nationalism was not known. Kings were given all the power and the rich were given land. The common people would be faithful to one king, which was of their religious affiliation. No one was looked at by their ethnicity, rather by their religion. They didnt have unity. People started realizing that God may not be the most important thing to represent their country. They realized that the solar system was held in place by gravity, not by God. They started to believe in other kings, who were like agents working for God.1 Some scientific studies made people started worrying more about themselves. Laws would then be enforced to meet peoples needs, rather than thinking God would protect them. The people could have rights. But with a Divine-Monarch they couldnt have these rights because there were too many people to serve. The land was divided into territories, and the people were determined by their ardent love of the fatherland. They were to love their new country; they were getting into smaller territories with less people as they wished. People began to learn other languages and develop a sense of individualism. This was inspired by the Romantic Philosophy. But some people knew many languages, which led to the question, what nation were they for? Even the minorities had a class to be defined in and had had a sense of nationalism. Some of them were being discriminated against, which led to their stronger feelings of being defined by their nation. This was the first development of nationalism, which de fined all of Southeast Europe.2 The essay, by Ernest Renan suggests that nationalism consists of two ideas. One is the possession in common of a rich legacy of remembrances, and the other is the actual consent, the desire to live together, they will to continue to value the heritage which all hold common (Renan, 17). He thinks that the worship of ancestors is important because they have made the country what it is. He feels that the rules made for the country have been sacrifices made and should be honored. He also says that a country needs to look at their downfalls rather than their gains to strengthen the peoples togetherness and the will to succeed. The people have rights as individuals. He states that nations have a beginning and an end, and the people need to realize and not take it for granted. He feels that people should appreciate the guarantee for liberty and freedom. They should realize that this is a gift that could be lost, especially if a king or a dictator was in rule.3 His last thoughts of what makes a nation are that spirit, heart, and moral consciousness have a big part; more so than rules, so the people can exist in harmony. This differs from what happened in Southeast Europe because they didnt appreciate the ancestors who dictated them. The people did gain nationalism, which gave them a reason to have individualism and a warm spirit for their community. They gained this when they got their way and broke up into communities, which gave them rights.4 In the United States, nationalism was formed in the same manner that Europe was. When the puritans and the other immigrants came over, they didnt care about forming one nation, or being involved in rights. They were still apart of England, and did things based on religion. Communities were even based on religion. The idea that Renan had was not supported then. People didnt care about heart and how they formed a union. Not until England started taxing and taking powers away, did the Colonists want to make a union among the colonies. This is where

Identifying Arithmetic and Geometric Sequences

Identifying Arithmetic and Geometric Sequences The two main types of series/sequences are arithmetic and geometric. Some sequences are neither of these. It’s important to be able to identify what type of sequence is being dealt with. An arithmetic series is one where each term is equal the one before it plus some number. For example: 5, 10, 15, 20, †¦ Each term in this sequence equals the term before it with 5 added on.   In contrast, a geometric sequence is one where each term equals the one before it multiplied by a certain value. An example would be 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, †¦ Each term is equal to the prior one multiplied by 2. Some sequences are neither arithmetic nor geometric. An example would be 1, 2, 3, 2, 1, 2, 3, 2, 1, †¦The terms in this sequence all differ by 1, but sometimes 1 is being added and other times it is being subtracted, so the sequence is not arithmetic. Also, there is no common value being multiplied by one term to get the next, so the sequence cannot be geometric, either. Arithmetic sequences grow very slowly in comparison with geometric sequences. Try Identifying What Type of Sequences Are Shown Below 1. 2, 4, 8, 16, †¦ 2. 3, -3, 3, -3, ... 3. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, †¦ 4. -4, 1, 6, 11, 16, †¦ 5. 1, 3, 4, 7, 8, 11, †¦ 6. 9, 18, 36, 72, †¦ 7. 7, 5, 6, 4, 5, 3, †¦ 8. 10, 12, 16, 24, †¦ 9. 9, 6, 3, 0, -3, -6, †¦ 10. 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, †¦ Solutions 1. Geometric with common ratio of 2 2. Geometric with common ratio of -1 3. Arithmetic with common value of 1 4. Arithmetic with common value of 5 5. Neither geometric nor arithmetic 6. Geometric with common ratio of 2 7. Neither geometric nor arithmetic 8. Neither geometric nor arithmetic 9. Arithmetic with common value of -3 10. Either arithmetic with common value of 0 or geometric with common ratio of 1

Corporate Team Building Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Corporate Team Building - Essay Example Individual group members are supposed to compete in each of these activities and there is a reward for the winners and the first runners up. The activities are supposed to take place during the weekend with all the participating group members meeting at the office for transportation to the identified location. Each of the group members is supposed to adorn a rock climbing attire of the specific color of the group. There are five different colors for each group to help distinguish each team member from the others. Rock climbing is an interesting venture where the group members have the opportunities for intense and even concentrated efforts to examine the accomplishments of the groups in their work operations (Luebben 232). It is essential in enabling the group members to improve on the aspects of teamwork in the organization thus enhancing total equality and total management of service, which is important in the organization. If employees collaborate in the work experiences, they are able to achieve the best results in enhancing customer satisfaction thus continued amassing of profits for the organization. Moreover, by each team members working together to overcome difficult obstacles in rock climbing, they are able to increase their self-confidence, respecting others, capabilities and an added commitment to the spirit of teamwork in the process of their work. Such members working together are able to understand that there are huddles that they cannot solve on their own despite their career advancements and experiences in such work situations. They require the help of others in the same field to enable them achieve better results within the stipulated time. They are able to appreciate the efforts of other despite how small since such efforts counts in the aspect of achieving high-end results in their work settings. The reason for this choice of location is that coral cliffs rock climbing gym

Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Management - Essay Example Since then, the debate has been on in favour and against of the thought and more particularly to find the right balance where profits really benefit the society. Counter extreme to the argument was the concept of Corporate Social Responsibility which stated that businesses are required to respond to societal needs in other forms as well than just earning profit to maximise employment. Businesses have to some extend accept this counter thought with further extension in idea regarding maximising shareholder and owner’s wealth and many other sub ideas. However, the finding of the real right balance between the corners is yet being debated as no measure has yet been developed to perfect solution. PRIMARY OBJECTIVE OF MANAGEMENT- THEORATICAL REFERENCES AND THEIR ANALYSIS To state in one sentence primary objective of the business is to benefit society, at the same time remember the fact that owners and shareholders are also part of society and hence, not at the cost of the sharehold ers’ benefit. The debate shall focus more on the fact that how and to what this benefit extends shall be translated. Exploring the basic idea of Friedman who stated that the aim of business is to achieve maximum profits within boundaries of law and this is how society is benefitted, one finds this idea satisfactory unless there comes any law that does not support societal interest or even more questioning does there exist any law that goes against the interest of society? All the laws are made in larger interest of society and with this it can stressed that Friedman’s thought had no flaw. However, most of the literature questioned the profit maximisation part with taking it to the point that contrast to the societal concern and scope of debate enlarged in direction of benefit of firm or society as whole and how it should be transferred. Considering this school of thought, more appropriate and concrete thought requires it be benefit or wealth of all stakeholders, where stakeholders include every person who is directly or indirectly connected with organisation. This stance has no flaw as the basic idea constrains to remain operational within. (Stakeholder Analysis) To support the argument, consider the example of Marks and Spencer. UK retail giant with global existence recent matter charging higher price to its women lingerie product stating the reason of higher cost and then higher tax was highly negated on social media website where more than 14000 people joined the cause for protest. The protest ultimately forced the giant to bow down accept the decision as their mistake while taking back decision, giving excess discounts to all customer of that product class as well as apologies to the society. To extract from this example is the fact that if it the said argument would have been true in place then M&S’s decision should have been appreciated as the giant only aimed to cover the excess cost incurred on the product, that would have added to its profitability , though in its respective share only. While, people who protested just joined the cause for bias attitude towards certain people and of course not all were affected by the decision. Hence, what needs be made the basis of maximisation is the stakeholders’ wealth that is always in position to affect the position of firm (Bejou, 2011). From the given image, it can also be concluded that stakeholders lie in levels. Firm

State of Nuclear Energy in Germany Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

State of Nuclear Energy in Germany - Assignment Example If the other actor is rational then such an approach, if practiced correctly can ultimately help to keep a state free from interference of an aggressive manner. The second of these strategies which will herein be discussed is that of dà ©tente diplomacy. Naturally, this ultimately represents a form of soft power in that it works to east tensions between groups by engaging in different mediums of hostility relaxation. As a function of using this particular strategy, the actors are assuming that the other side can ultimately be convinced of their own viewpoint and that a certain amount of give and take or compromise can ultimately be affected (Mueller, 2011). An example of deterrence in global politics can of course be inferred by the very public displays of military might and power that the Islamic Republic of Iran puts on display during the anniversary of the Islamic Revolution. Likewise, an example of dà ©tente can be seen in the way that UN diplomats as well as Russian and Western diplomats have been hard at work seeking to work out an end to the bloodshed that is continuing in Syria. The country that this student has chosen to analyze is that of Germany. Although Germany is considered to be one of the most technologically advanced nations in the world, it has announced that it plans to take all nuclear plants operating within the country offline within the next 10 years. This has been a function of the events that have taken place within Japan as a result of the Fukashima Diachi disaster (Funabashi & Katazawa, 2012). As such, Germany provides something of a role model for other advanced states that continue to cling to nuclear energy as a means of producing a high level of cheap energy for their population. Without a doubt, the threat of the use of nuclear weapons during war is the greater threat. Although occasional industrial accidents can and have occurred

Organisational Culture and Values at Nokia

Organisational Culture and Values at Nokia Organisation culture Nokia is the leading mobile company all over the world which started their operation in the early 1980s. The values of Nokia are customer satisfaction, respect for individuals, achievement and continuous learning. Customer satisfaction means how satisfaction is the customer with the effort of organisation in the marketplace. Nokia has their dedicated sales and marketing personnels with logistic and sourcing functions. Keeping in mind that, what will best suit the customers and what are their needs, Nokia randomly responding to the customers and making things according to their customers choice. Respect for individuals means to give attention to each and every individual for their opinion. Nokia gives opportunities for personal growth. Nokia encourage new strategy to change the global market. They also emphasise on constant attention to the objectives. Continuous learning means Nokia always encourage improving the perfections. Nokia encourage developing mobile with affordable cost and also which can help increasing economic growth along with quality of life. Nokia support constant innovation on human technology to improve communication and finding the new ways of interchanging information. Nokia provides opportunity to grow personally, give confidence to come with new ideas and creation, motivates high quality people to serve the best customer service. Organisational and national culture National culture related to our values held in our deep such as good vs. evil, normal vs. abnormal, rational vs. irrational and safe v. dangerous. National culture learned very early stage of life and held deep insight every human being and changed very slowly over the period of time. On the other hand, organisational culture is brought from the practical experiences from the organisation and learned from the organisational job. To change organisational culture is difficult and it takes time. It is very difficult to coup up when two or three organisations merge or shift to each other then the employees of the organisation faces the difficulties to follow the culture. Sometimes it clashes to national culture. People in an organisation can adopt organisational culture over his national cultural values but when two or three organisation merge then it becomes difficult for the employees to adopt organisational culture over their deep values of national culture. Organisational culture sometimes become inappropriate to national culture and national culture sometimes get inappropriate to organisational culture. But organisational culture never trumps national culture. There are some basic differences between organisational culture and national culture. These are: leadership style, organisational policies and procedures, organisational and operational structure, recruitment and selection procedures and measuring the performance of the employees and reward systems, global team and leadership development. Corporate culture profile Corporate culture is one of the strategic and competitive advantages of Nokia. Connecting people is the catch phrase which means the physical facilities of the company. Nokia buildings hold the strong corporate image. Nokia has four main values and principles at his heart of its corporate philosophy: customer satisfaction, respect for individuals, achievement and continuous learning. Establishing Goals It was the challenge for Nokia to develop a unique, award-wining workplace which reflects the corporate culture, values and vision of the company. Nokia house Boston property has the major RD facilities and it was important to open the new floor plan and give the credit to the engineer and creative group for their creative design. However the design of the Scandinavian headquarters was not totally mimic but include New Englands culture as well. A Corporate Culture Retrofit Nokia not only holds the Scandinavian culture itself rather than transport it to the England for both the employees and visitors. There are high-tech and traditional furniture showcase along with brilliant lighting design particularly in the lobby area, cafeteria and meeting rooms helps creating a warm and professional atmosphere. Another important design characteristics is its new office space system and flexible desks. Connecting People After coming to new Nokia house in spring 2000, the company provides full friendly sense of place and purpose for the customers. The set up and cultural elements of the building gives the employees confidence and comfortable settings. Nokia provides more productive and interactive workforce after implementing the goals and culture to its actual design. After managing all the facilities the employees are more connected to the customers indirectly. As more companies want to redesign their head office to highlight their corporate culture such as the lobby, the real estate professionals must need to ensure that the changes will made in a healthy and profitable business relationship matter. The impact of corporate culture According to the researcher a healthy organisational culture may have various kinds of benefits which include: competitive advantage deduce from customer service and innovation, constant and efficient performance of the employees, great team facilities, high valued employee, and strong company association, employees with high motivation and loyalty, control and coordination within the company and also promoting consistency, rearranging the behaviour of the employees to the benefit of the company.

An Analysis of Andrew Sullivans Let Gays Marry :: Let Gays Marry Andrew Sullivan

"Let Gays Marry" is an article written by Andrew Sullivan arguing that homosexuals should be given the right to be legally married in the United States. In this essay, Sullivan argues that homosexuals have just as much right to marry as heterosexual couples. Sullivan argues that throughout US history that the definition of marriage has been altered several times to accommodate changing times, and that it is time to recognize gay's right to marry. Throughout the article, Sullivan uses several sources to back up his argument, but also makes several comments to weaken his argument. To add to Sullivan?s credibility, he is an editor of The New Republic, which was established in 1914 with a mission to provide its readers with an intelligent, stimulating and rigorous examination of American politics, foreign policy and culture, the author of several books, including Virtually Normal: An Argument about Homosexuality, as well as having been published in several news magazines including Newsweek. Sullivan?s article is an inductive argument directed at persuading and perhaps even educating all people on why gay marriage should be allowed in the United States. Throughout the essay, Sullivan uses multiple techniques, including Pathos, Ethos, Logos, and even Mythos to squarely support his argument, all of which help to aid in the credibility of the topic. Sullivan?s argument, while generally successful, has some weak points. The argument is generally written in a very relaxed manner, which may or may not discredit the argument. People looking to argue against Sullivan?s article may view the relaxed format as a sign of lack of knowledge or support of the argument. On the other hand, being composed in accessible language readily understood by the general population, and not perceived as accessibly intellectual may help this argument appeal to a broader population. Having been published in Newsweek Magazine on June 3, 1996, Sullivan?s article seems to be credible. Newsweek is a credible news source, and generally publishes credible materials. Despite having been published in Newsweek, this argument is biased when in the first sentence Sullivan identifies himself as a homosexual. ?For the first time in Supreme Court history, gay men and women were seen not as some powerful lobby trying to subvert America, but as the people we truly are?? When Sullivan uses the term we, he is identifying that he himself is a homosexual, and therefore I must assume that he is arguing from a homosexual point of view, and not an unbiased point of view.

Once More To The Lake: An Appraisal Essay

E. B. White’s essay entitled â€Å"Once More To The Lake† is a classic example of a modest literary work that is able to, more or less, effectively convey the message of the author to his readers. Modest, if only to point, is such a loaded term. But since there is no need to excessively indulge with having to justify the choice of word, it must be qualified that, while the author was able to convey effectively his chief intention for writing the essay, his work is nevertheless not without identifiable ambiguities and areas for improvement. That being said, this paper attempts to discuss the strengths and weaknesses of E. B. White’s essay by perusing the very work itself. Appraising E. B. White’s Essay First, there is a need to primarily square with the general observations that may be leveled with White’s essay. At first glance, White’s essay seems to largely pertain to the author’s vivid recollections about his childhood experiences into the lake of Maine. In fact, one of White’s strengths lies in articulating well his gripping sense of nostalgia as a force that strongly lends an inspiration for his work. This is shown in how he communicates his memories throughout the essay in a manner noticeably recurrent. As a way to demonstrate this point in contention, it would be helpful to cite a few quotes from White himself. For instance, in one of his entries he shares: â€Å"I bought myself a couple of bass hooks and a spinner and returned to the lake where we used to go, for a week’s fishing and to revisit old haunts†. And in another example he relates, â€Å"†¦.everything was as it always had been, that the years were a mirage and there had been no years†. Still, this quote seems to be another glaring example: â€Å"It seemed to me, as I kept remembering all this, that those times and those summers had been infinitely precious and worth saving†[1] (White). These three quotes, among a host of notable others, represent the overarching theme of â€Å"remembrance† evidently palpable, if not all together patent in White’s essay. But it needs to be further asserted that White’s goal for writing the essay is not at all restricted into plainly sharing his cherished memories. Put in other words, White seems to convey something much more profound than merely engaging into an emotional recollection of his past. If one were to carefully appreciate the full tonality of essay, it would appear that White is actually preoccupied – subtly, to say the least – with an endeavor to convey the fact of his mortality. This is a revelation he makes towards the end of his opus in saying, â€Å"suddenly my groin felt the chill of death† (White). In ways more than one, it would not even be wrong to claim that â€Å"mortality†, and not the recurrent theme of â€Å"recollection†, is actually the whole point of the essay. It seems needless to point that White uses a specific writing technique here; i.e., after an elaborate presentation of his vivid recollections, it seems that all White wanted to say was that he now feels the pangs of his mortality. If taken into this specific context, it would look as though White simply used the lengthy essay as a springboard from which his point is to be ultimately drawn. Whether this interesting approach would serve well the essay or not depends on how readers are able to read between the lines. On the one hand, if readers will come to realize White’s brilliance in the process, the technique surely has served the essay well. On the other hand, there a high possibility that readers would miss White’s message since the crux of the matter seems to be wrapped in an elaborate cocoon of complexly constituted sentence constructions.   All things considered however, one can safely say that White’s essay has been relatively successful in conveying both messages thus far identified. Next, there is also a need to look into how White’s writing styles are able to contribute to the effectiveness of his essay. First among the list involves how the author was able to successfully develop his persona in the essay. Since White’s essay is of personal nature, the development of his persona and the expression of his feelings through narration, description or dialogue play a crucial role for the work (Blau, Elbow & Killgallon 33; Anderson, et. al. 451). In many ways, White is able to use the techniques of narration and description for the said purposes pretty well. In fact, it is only by right of justice that one must give a fair amount of credit to White for consistently weaving his persona all throughout his work. Second, the admirable manner by which the author is able to use the written language to speak volumes for the essay should merit an affirmation as well. Simply put, one cannot just let White’s talent of using graphical descriptions in his account pass by unnoticed. White writes for instance, â€Å"†¦.in the shallows, the dark, water-soaked sticks and twigs, smooth and old, were undulating in clusters on the bottom against the clean ribbed sand, and the track of the mussel was plain†. Still in another entry he puts: â€Å"Summertime, oh summertime, pattern of life indelible, the fade proof lake, the woods unshatterable, the pasture with the sweet fern and the juniper forever and ever, summer without end† (White). If these quotes say anything about White, it merely tells of his undeniably extensive writing talent. Thus, if one thinks that creative writing is an art that needs to be nurtured, it has to be acknowledged that White is a person who has perfected it somewhat. Certain ambiguities or questionable aspects palpable in White’s essay need to be also raised. First, because White is able to playfully joggle up words and sentences in his essay with much facility, it seems that this admirable talent proves to have a drawback as well. This manifests in how White occasionally falls into incoherence problems. For instance, there is an entry in his essay where White at first was recounting a scene at a tennis court and suddenly shifts attention towards a restaurant scenario, without proper transition techniques. Concretely, he writes: â€Å"†¦sagged in the dry noon, and the whole place steamed with midday heat and hunger and emptiness. There was a choice of pie for dessert, and one was blueberry and one was apple†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (White). This in part violates a fundamental rule in paragraph composition which states, â€Å"good paragraphing† is marked by clarity and coherence (Shaw 23). Second, it seems that because of the very personal nature of his essay, White is able to capitalize on the liberty of writing his piece marked by randomness and spontaneity. But this approach makes White’s essay more fluid than flowing. In most cases, it affects the progression of the storyline as well. For instance, the third to the last paragraph of the essay begins with the phrase â€Å"We had a good week at the camp†. It seems as though White intends to wrap his work up with such a summation. But the next paragraph again recalls an â€Å"afternoon†¦.there at that lake† when â€Å"a thunderstorm came up† (White). At the very least, the approach is very ant-climatic; and it too violates the basic structure of narrative essays which â€Å"usually follow a chronological pattern† (Gillespie, et. al. 1030).   In the final analysis, it has to be admitted that such an oversight – if it can be called one – affects the effectiveness of essays in communicating the author’s message Conclusion There are surely a lot of good reasons to suppose that White – a creative writer that he is by all measures and standards – is a talent to reckon with. His essay â€Å"Once More To The Lake† surely attests to his ingenuity. In the discussions that were developed, it was learned that White’s personal account of his childhood experiences is successful in emphasizing the themes of â€Å"remembrance† and â€Å"mortality†, inasmuch as it is able to convey well the persona of the author in said work. It was also asserted that White’s writing skills are truly a marvel to behold. And while the essay has coherence and transition problems here and there, the work can still be considered as a worthwhile material, all things considered.

Lawsuit of Mattel Inc. Products Liability

Lawsuit of Mattel Inc. Products Liability Description of the Company and the Product Safety Issue That Led To the Lawsuit Business organizations may fall prey to diverse lawsuits. In such instances, the fate of the company depends on its capacity to handle the lawsuit. This paper analyzes the legal issues around the renowned Mattel Inc. The foundation of the company dates back to 1945 (McDougall Popat, 2010).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Lawsuit of Mattel Inc. Products Liability specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The products history of the company depicts remarkable evolution. For instance, it is notable that the company began by operating on the wood products. Some of the prominent wood and creative musical toys during the 1950’s were from this company. The development of the â€Å"barbie† toy in the late 1950 enabled the company to establish a powerful brand. Observably, this was evident within the household level. The company por trayed an eminent application of strategic advertisement and product promotion initiatives. These led to the development of high level of product awareness. The use of the media in the promotion initiatives became notable. Presently, the company enjoys a relatively wide range of products. Indicatively, these are specifically toys. The company remains publicly traded, with an evident trading of the stock within the â€Å"New York Stock Exchange,† NYSE (Twomey, Jennings, Fox Anderson, 2011). The headquarters of Mattel Inc. is at the Hawthorne, California. Notably, the company enjoys a wider market reach. It is evident that the company has a remarkable global market presence. Mattel Inc. recently faced a powerful lawsuit. This severe lawsuit emanated from the discovery of unhealthy quantities of the dangerous lead paint. These were discovered in the products of Mattel Inc. These include the products that already occupied store shelves (McDougall Popat, 2010). The important dis covery took place in the period between 2006 and 20007. The high level of lead in these products posed great health dangers to the user groups. Particularly, this relates to the children who heavily rely on the use of toy products. The Legal Theories Used By the Plaintiff to Recover In This Lawsuit The important discovery had potential legal impacts on the operations and product image of Mattel Inc. The â€Å"Consumer Product Safety Commission† (CPSC) engaged in serious legal tussle with the company. As indicated by the CPSC, approximately 100 different items became important. Consequently, all of them became involved in the process of this lawsuit. Indicatively, these selected items had important representations.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In fact, it is evident that they represented many millions of the individual pieces. The legal process en abled Mattel to provide a massive recall of most of its products. These recall processes embodied some of the very popular brands. The U.S CPSC managed to fine the company, Mattel Inc., approximately $2.3 million (Twomey, Jennings, Fox Anderson, 2011). The fine emanated from a clear legal basis. Generally, the charge was because Mattel’s deviant practices. It is because Mattel engaged in importation of toys that undermined federal regulations that ban the presence of lead paint within specific consumer products. Notable resolutions emerged from this important lawsuit. For instance, Mattel Inc. had to a significant fine to the tune of $2.3 million. These were definitely due to the violations on the quantities of lead in these toys. Another resolution was to make the company to recall a significant percentage of its goods ready in the market. In pressing for these critical charges, the CPSC emphasized and reiterated the importance of the violation of the renowned 1978 statute. Accordingly, the 1978 federal regulations prohibited the all toys from harboring an exceeding composition of.06 percent lead. The revealing experiments indicated the massive presence of the in the paint or surface coatings. There are many forms of malignant cancer associated to constant exposure to carcinogenic material. Lead is one of the most stable heavy metals. Organizations must also trade on sustainable systems and products. It is not ethically correct for renowned corporations to spread goods that might have destructive side effects. This is because the organizations are bound to make significant profits from such important sales. Lastly, the heavy metals such as lead found within the toys materials have diverse environmental degradation impacts. By initiating or launching a product, the organization must respect the pertinent customer welfare and protection.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Lawsuit of Mattel Inc. Products Liability specific ally for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More My other reason for agreeing with this initiative is that the corporation debased the â€Å"Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act by importing† (McDougall Popat, 2010). These include some of the important highlights on the significance of consideration of high product quality and increased care provision of customer care. Changes in the Company to Ensure Greater Safety of This Product or Its Products Mattel Inc. presently employs diverse robust strategies towards observation of high quality of products. Various top officials of the corporation appear in the media emphasizing on the company’s focus on â€Å"rigorous standards† (Twomey, Jennings, Fox Anderson, 2011). The company practices management systems. In this process, it enhances the level of performance of various quality assurance and control units. These increase the level of awareness and compliance to safety standards by all workers . Other than these, production processes rely on quality and monitoring systems. These have positive implications on the level of performance and output within various departments. The company recognizes the need for persistent customer engagement. Particularly, these relate to the level of safety of the various products (McDougall Popat, 2010). The customers must provide adequate feedback on their perceptions and convictions on the level of quality performance and safety of the various company products. These are vital in the engagement or improvement initiatives and processes within the organization. The company also increasingly relies on critical control standards from external regulatory agencies. There is an increased need to comply with external policies and guidelines within the regulatory environment. The initiation of the extensive recalls was critical. This relates to the products that proved to contain toxic lead material. The fundamental aim of the recall process was t o assist in the development and manufacture of safer products. The company initiated all of these processes within its potential market zones. The aim was to rebuild its broken identity. Furthermore, the company also sought to gain fresh confidence on its customers. The organization’s hazard analysis is vital (McDougall Popat, 2010). This is because the adopted approach enables a system that encourages product safety.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Apart from this, it also enhances the level of product conformity to legal and market standards. The evaluation and monitoring of product safety and manufacturing procedures are critical. These are some of the critical processes adopted by the organization to increase the level of the quality of some of its major products within the marketplace. Discussion of the Regulatory Agency That Oversees the Particular Industry the Company Is In The United States CPSC has the fundamental role of safeguarding the public from unwarranted risks. These may include the potential risks of harm and death that may emanate from diverse consumer products. However, this applies specifically to goods that fall under the authority of this organization. The agency has a sincere dedication to guard all consumers from potentially harmful products. Toys include some of the products that the CPSC has close interests (Ferrell, Fraedrich Ferrell, 2011). The regulatory agency uses various mechanisms in the ident ification and initiation of awareness about specific product dangers. The use of legal process is one of the most critical approaches applicable by the CPSC. This is mostly achievable through the engagement and active collaboration with the legal system within the U.S. The agency maintains a list of the recalled toys from the general American society. It is upon the parents to review the updated list regularly. This process helps in the elimination of harmful or dangerous toys. Recommendations to the Company about Avoiding Future Lawsuits Stringent observation of quality standards is important in the elimination of lawsuits in the future. The company also needs to consider both the internal and external regulatory environments. Quality control is a strategic management tool that is applicable in the elimination of low quality products. Apart from these, the organization must consider engaging the services of qualified and experienced personnel. Lastly, Mattel Inc. must also consider the integration of continuous process evaluation systems. Such initiatives help to minimize manufacturing errors that may compromise product quality. References Ferrell, O. C., Fraedrich, J. Ferrell, L. (2011). Business ethics: Ethical decision making and cases. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning. McDougall, A. Popat, P. (2010). International product law manual. Alphen aan den Rijn: Kluwer Law International. Twomey, D. P., Jennings, M., Fox, I. Anderson, R. A. (2011). Andersons business law and the legal environment. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning.

or Taboo essay

buy custom Experiment on Folkways, Morality and/or Taboo essay Folkways are unwritten rules and regulations that govern social human behavior in Christian life. Folkways vary on bases of gender from one generation to the other or from society to society. In this regard, Folkways are established standards of behavior which is maintained and observed by a society. As a matter of fact, Folkways are important to the society since they help to maintain the required standards in the society. Thus norms are standard and values for any group which is organized socially. Folkways which defines what expectations and what behavior thoughts or feelings are appropriate within a given group within a given context is more common (Deborah 2000).This research paper seeks to explore what are Folkways, violation of Folkways across gender, culture and its effect. Further, it focuses on the experiences that are associated with violation folkways. Literature review Deborah (2000) argues that Folkways are the agreed expectations and rules which guide the behavior of its members of certain society in all aspect of life. For this reason, Folkways differ widely across cultural societies. For instance, Americans are expected to maintain consistent direct eye contact when talking with other people. In contrast Asians, avert away their eyes contact as a sign of being polite and respectful. Moreover, folkways are referred to as conventions and they are accepted standards of behavior that are socially approved and are morally very important to the society .on the other hand , they differ from Mores which are define as norms of morality while certain behaviors are regarded as taboo, meaning that the culture does not allow them completely. Cynthia (2001) puts the matter under discussion to light by pointing out that Folkways are regarded as a formal set of rules that are governed and enacted by the state. For this reason, Members of a certain culture are needed to abide to its Folkways so as to promote its existence and function. Folkways are often influenced by factors such as religion, the environment they live in, the kind of government people abide by. Anticipation According to Deborah (2000) Folkways are prospects that determine how people reason, think, make judgments and behave. For this reason, our daily lives are guided and directed by Folkways so we are bound to take social norms for conducting ourselves in a modest way. Violation of Folkways I will use my primary school as an example of violation of Folkways experiment. I once undertook the task of breaking some Folkways rules in my school. One day, I waited in class until every body went for lunch. I collected all the pens and any other valuable necessity which pleased me from the other students which were lying on the bench. I packed them self and left for home. In the following day, every body in my class was furious with me since some of the lost items were recovered from me. The matter was reported to my class teacher who latter gave me some punishment. Latter on, after the teacher guided me on how to make right decision and evade away from wrong doing whille in school I learned that it was wrong to take away other students belonging without their knowledge of consent. I learned that different students have different reaction if they were crossed. In addition it came to my knowledge that students have different understanding in regard to Folkways since most of them came from different, races. The matter was forwarded to my parents; my mother enquired why I did it. She sounded so offended and disgusted at me. At one time she showed clearly her negative attitude. I told her that it came to my knowledge that I had done wrong. For that reason I apologize to my mother, so I did not feel like l was an outcast. In addition I learned that, the school is an essential place where students can be modeled the student can be led to decide what is normal and abnormal, It came to my knowledge that stealing for whatever reason is not socially accepted and it does not match to school Folkways . Judgment From that day it comes to my knowledge that every single thing we do in school is jud governed by Folkways. We are taught by our parents and teachers of what to do and what not to do. In this regard, school I understood that folkways are ideals for better living in school. In conclusion school students should develop a culture of good Folkways where student are given guidance in making logical decision based on Folkways values. When Folkways are broken we should learn to correct the offender by condemning the offender without humor, panic, anger or emotions. Buy custom Experiment on Folkways, Morality and/or Taboo essay

Self reflection paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Self reflection paper - Essay Example Situations in both life and case study issues become ethical when they involve matters within our control that might either disrespect or respect us as human beings (DuBois, 2010). Based on my personal insights and views, I believe that good discussions on ethics are due to situations that challenge our abilities to determine the right thing to do (DuBois, 2010). Besides, in all situations we should carry out effective ethical action, or lay out an effective strategy for avoiding ethical obstacles in the future (DuBois, 2010). As human beings, we have code of conducts that guide our relations with fellow human beings and our approach to various critical life issues. I believe that we should adhere to these laid down code of conducts to help us coexist as necessitated with fellow human beings in a peaceful and cordial manner (DuBois, 2010). Learning ethical issues have proved to be helpful to me as a learner. These appear in three distinctive ways, which are volitional, cognitive and social (DuBois, 2010). Repeatedly, we always know the right thing but usually a dilemma arises in some instances, which is volitional (DuBois, 2010). The latter usually occurs when individuals have competing interest other than doing what is right (DuBois, 2010). In addition, an ethical matter is cognitive especially when the concerned does not to know what to do. They always find that the decisions they are about to take might affect others in different degrees (DuBois, 2010). At some times, the issues appear easy and we are certain on the decisions we make. These matters only appear socially problematic as the stake holders do not agree on the decision unanimously (DuBois, 2010). In the class discussion, I learned that case studies are standard methods of teaching philosophy, law and a little of social sciences (DuBois, 2010). These cases usually appear accompanied by ethical issues that become a big dilemma for the participants. A big lesson that I learned in my participation in the class is that these ethical issues are there to help us acquire critical thinking as skill, which usually requires practice, learning and experience. This is evident especially in the Automobile Workers v. Johnson Controls Inc case study where I cited various ethical issues that were dilemma especially to the involved participants (Rehnquist, Kennedy & Scalia, 2003). For example, suppose a company is applying the necessary professional work ethics and fair gender opportunities stated by law due to its policy mean to bar women from working in lead related departments (Rehnquist, Kennedy & Scalia, 2003). Besides being just an ethical matter, the issue became a big dilemma for the company or whether to uphold the issue and save workers’ health or get rid of it and put women of childbearing capacity at risk (Rehnquist, Kennedy & Scalia, 2003). This leads to divisions among the work whereby one side deem the corporation purposely implements strategies with an intention of segr egating them. Hence, it does not hold to the international policies that bar corporations from engaging in any form of gender-based marginalization. This is despite corporations availing workers with adequate information regarding reasons why they are against women especially those who have the child bearing capacity working in situations that may be risky to their health. From this we learn, many case studies come

Education in developing countries Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Education in developing countries - Assignment Example This part of investment by any firm can defines any part of then organization labor ability and it is very essential for the productivity of any firm. To be noted is that not the whole world population is referred to as the working population but only that portion that is able, willing and working on agreed wage rate. In any developing country and economy work force is a necessity that is required to propel its growth. This makes human capital very essential as it is cheap and readily available in the developing countries (Becker, 1993). Q.2 Explain some of the reasons why developing countries have not realized a greater positive development impact from their higher education programs. In this context, why should the development of a solid elementary education system take precedence over an expansion of the university system in developing countries? Developing countries need a solid base for elementary education because majority of the jobs are not technical. Industries are not well developed and casual works are the basis f their economy. Higher education though needed is for the few who are only needed to supervise the majority who only require elementally education and knowledge. Developing countries can import these few university graduates but it will cost more if they were to do the same for the unskilled human work force (Becker, 1993). Therefore, elementary education should be invested for more by these countries. Like wise due to underdevelopment and poor governance productivity of these nations is poor and they heavily depend on imports thus their production is for raw materials. Q.3 In developing countries higher educational facilities have tended to expand to the point where social benefits exceed private benefits. What is the economic explanation for this? Due to poor governance and unplanned occurrences social benefits have exceeded private benefits as organizations and external investor try to compensated the void. This has diluted the gap making these organizations bend towards social benefits rather than have private motives. This has made an economic impact as there is investment in the education sector that is very essential in the growth of any economy. Furthermore, there is direct investment that is injecting money directly into the economy as well as offering employment to the citizens. These institutions also pay taxes directly to the central government and this helps in the management of the economy through government expenditures. Q 4.Explain how a better-educated population will also tend to be a healthier, and vice versa, that a healthier population will tend to be better educated. In this context, how can an increase in human capital lead to an increase in GDP? Why might it not lead to an increase in GDP? Educated populations will always be healthier as this adds to their knowledge, experience and time management. Good investment options can only be made through well thought ides and these skills require educat ion in order for them to materialize. Higher education therefore contributes to a higher GDP for the developing countries as productivity is achieved and also by them using their own citizens cutting on importation of labor. However, this may not be the case if everybody acquires higher education as majority would not fit in their job description and as earlier stated the economies

The Political Influence of Focus on the Family Essay

The Political Influence of Focus on the Family - Essay Example He first gained national recognition as the author of the book Dare to Discipline, in which he advocates using spanking as a form of disciplining children. His recognition as a family advocate and as a Christian leader led to what is now a huge organization dedicated to preserving traditional family values. In addition to the organization's radio broadcasts, it has a series of Bible-based magazines and publications geared toward various groups of people, such as teens, seniors, and singles, and also a political action magazine called Citizen, in which it encourages political involvement on various social issues. It also has an affiliate organization called Focus on the Family Action, which is focused on conservative political activism. Dobson writes, on Focus on the Family Action's website, that the affiliate organization provides "a platform for informing, inspiring and rallying those who care deeply about the family to greater involvement in the moral, cultural and political issues that threaten our nation." (Dobson, "About Us") As a special interest group, Focus on the Family's political focus is to support family values-related issues that are endorsed by the Republican Party. Dobson and Focus on the Family have a lot of pull when it comes to having their voices heard in Washington. He has been known to be very vocal on a wide range of things, including judiciary appointments, prayer in schools, and abstinence education. Dobson himself has been invited to the White House during both the Reagan and current Bush administrations to consult with staff on family-related issues. ("Focus on the Family") Focus on the Family speaks out on many political issues, though there are two "hot-button" topics on which the organization maintains strong opinions and that are at the forefront of the conservative movement politics today. Likely the most controversial issue to which Focus on the Family devotes much of its attention is same-sex marriage and gay rights. As defenders of family values, the organization's stance is that marriage is to be between a man and a woman. On the organization's Web site it is stated that marriage "deserves respect and protection. Any efforts to redefine marriage destroy the institution - and ultimately - civil and healthy society. Thus we oppose any government recognition or endorsement of marriage counterfeits, including same-sex unions." ("Same-Sex 'Marriage' and Civil Unions") Dobson and the organization also hold very strong opinions on the issue of abortion. They believe that the fetus is a human being from conception, and to abort that fetus is murder. Their pro-life stand is about protecting the rights of the unborn child. Francis J. Beckwith writes in an article on the organization's Web site that Focus on the Family believes "the unborn has a right to life that ought to be enshrined in our laws." (Beckwith) There are two main political tactics Focus on the Family has used to use its pull within the conservative movement. One of these is the use of scare tactics to encourage its millions of radio listeners, publishing customers, and other supporters to vote for and speak out in favor of Republican candidates and conservative stances. In his article "James Dobson: The Religious Right's New Kingmaker", Michael Crowley writes that "no one helped Bush win" the 2004 Presidential election "more than James Dobson." Crowley asserts that Bush may have won the swing

Remember the Titans Review Essay Example for Free

Remember the Titans Review Essay The movie Remember the Titans is one of the most inspiring sports movies in recent memory.. This is due to the performances of Denzel Washington as well as others in the cast but   its success can also can be attributed to the fact that the story was based on real life events. As is the case with most movies, those that are based on fact, no matter how loosely, usually seem to add to the drama that mindless action movies which are big on special effects and small on acting and story. Remember the Titans is not one of those movies because the racial tensions that were associated with busing and school integration in the last 1960s’ and 1970’s was one of the divisive sources during that time. For a young, contemporary society, it may seem difficult to be able to successfully transplant oneself into that specific time and place and to wonder aloud, what the entire situation was all about. There were tensions that came from the mixing of the two teams, regardless of their color.   Many players at T.C. Williams were counting on a starting spot for the football team, only to have many of the positions challenged due to the integration of the school. Due to the fact that the school that is being meshed into T.C. Williams is a predominately African American school, with the setting of the story taking place in 1970 Virginia, only adds to the frustrations on the part of the athletes from both schools. This reality places a stress on the already fragile relationships that the white and black players as well as students have for each other. However, in the end, the story has a happy ending and the school not only successfully integrates, but has one of their most successful years on the football field.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One of the major sources of debate within Titans is the way in which Herman Boone receives the head coaching job at T.C. Williams.   The school has been integrated and the football team, a bastion of relief and excitement for the masses in Alexandria, Virginia. Within the movie, it is plainly seen that the majority of white students and their families are not in favor of the integration of the school. What is the source of even more resistance is the fact that Herman Boone, not because of his merit but simply because of his race, is being made head coach over the current coach, Bill Yoast who has had his share of awards given to him for his splendid coaching record in the past. The school board feels that this is the appropriate choice to make as they believe that it will help the town to ease into the idea. This is not ethically right or proper. There is not way of knowing exactly how well the team would have fared if the coaches were picked on their merit instead of on race, but it seems that as long as starting positions on the field were earned by the physical and mental merit of the players, so too should the coaches be made to honor the idea of creating a meritocracy as well.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   What is not acceptable and is seen as the central aspect of the movie, are the relationships between the players from both of the schools. At first, many of the players on both sides did not want to befriend their competition with regard to the specific starting position that they were hoping to earn but also their competition in society as well. It is the efforts of Julies and Bertier, the leaders of their respective former schools and therefore, is divided by racial lines, which help to make the transition from two separate teams into one a bit easier. The two characters are very forceful on the football field as it is required to remain successful but they are also equally as forceful with regard to the integration of their fellow teammates. Both are resistant to the experiment by once they get on board with the idea, the rest are sure to follow. This is the true sign of a leader but also of the team recognizing the fact that they need to come together as a team in order to win. Cohesiveness of a team is what every coach strives to achieve. The second source of calm and rational thinking in the face of a situation that many on the team might respond to with hatred and bigotry, comes from Coach Boone and Coach Yoast. Yoast will eventually see the bigger picture and swallow his own feelings of mistreatment and submit to the will of the school board and usually, to the will of coach Yoast. He had such a stellar coaching record because he knew how to win. The same can be said about Coach Boone as well. He does not like the situation in which he was picked to coach T.C. Williams but he resolves that this is not only good for his career in the long run, but for the cohesion of the entire community as the football team serves as the center of life in Alexandria, Virginia. In the special features, the real coaches are shown talking as old friends and there is nothing to suggest that is not the case in real life. But the relationship of the two coaches, as was the case with the players, was a contentious one. Race obviously played a central role in the actions of the T.C. Williams football team. People are a product of their environment and Alexandria, Virginia expressed loudly, their feelings about the forced integration of their school as well as the football players did the same. But Coach Boone and Yoast as well as the majority of football players on the team realized what it took to win.   All had enjoyed winning seasons before the integration of the school. Had the teams never enjoyed victory and never yearned for success within their daily lives, there might have been little hope for this experiment to have succeeded. Only those living there at that time can accurately describe what life was really like during those times but the ethical behavior of the majority of players as well as their recognition of what it takes to win in this life, eventually became the paramount reason as to why the team went on to have a successful season and racial strife within the team unity could only be seen as a speed bump if they wished to continue to win. WORKS CITED Bruckheimer, Jerry.   Remember the Titans. Buena Vista. 2000

The Origins of Chattel Slavery in Colonial North America Essay

The Origins of Chattel Slavery in Colonial North America There have been many illuminating studies in the field of the origins of chattel slavery in Colonial North America. Alpert, 1970; Edmondson, 1976; Jordan, 1962: Ruchames, 1967; Starr, 1973, wrote seminal studies that did much to bring insight to the subject. Goetz, 2009; Mason, 2006; Smaje, 2002; Neeganagwedgin, 2012, presented evidence that have either reexamined old questions or used new methods and approaches to ask news questions to add insight to this topic. However, little has been written about indeginous slavery and its pycho-social impacts that still influence North American people today, or the political considerations that led to black society becoming chattel slaves. These topics have been under scutinized and their study would add insight and new perspective to this body of literature. In looking at the body of discourse the recurring themes of what came first; prejudice or slavery first is the most contested. Logically in order to enslave the master must find a means to establish the enslaved â€Å"otherness† and it seems that a primary means of doing so was and is ethnocentric superiority and religion. It doesn’t seem that one could justify morally, subjugating another without â€Å"knowing† that you were culturally, socially and morally superior to those you wanted to subjugate. In the majority of the studies, the idea that imposing values and religion on the subjugated as beneficial to the subjugated, was a primary theme, yet if there was no financial benefit it is doubtful that the slave system in the United States would have developed or had the impact that it has. Because of this reasoning, I believe that Jordan’s model is probably the closest to accurat... ...Press. Ruchames, L. (1967). The Sources of Racial Thought in Colonial America. Retrieved March 25, 2012, from Retrieved from URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2716188 Smaje, C. (2002). Re-thinking the Origins Debate: Race Formation and Political Formations in England's Chesapeake Colonies. Journal of Historical Sociology, 15(2), 193-219. Starr, R. (1973). Historians and the Origin of British North American Slavery. The Historian, 36(1), 1-18. doi:DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6563.1973.tb01523. Tomsett, F. (2000). 1606 and all that: The Virginia Conquest. Race and Class, 41, 29-14. doi:10.1177/0306396800413003 Wareing, J. (2002). Preventive and punitive regulation in seventeenth-century social policy: conflicts of interest and the failure to make ‘stealing and transporting Children, and other Person’s a felony. Social History, 27(3), 288-308. Doi:10.1080/03071020210159685

Linguistics and Interjections Essay

In Western philosophy and linguistic theory, interjections—that is, words like oof, ouch, and bleah—have traditionally been understood to indicate emotional states. This article offers an account of interjections in Q’eqchi’ Maya that illuminates their social and discursive functions. In particular, it discusses the grammatical form of interjections, both in Q’eqchi’ and across languages, and characterizes the indexical objects and pragmatic functions of interjections in Q’eqchi’ in terms of a semiotic framework that may be generalized for other languages. With these grammatical forms, indexical objects, and pragmatic functions in hand, it details the various social and discursive ends that interjections serve in one Q’eqchi’ community, thereby shedding light on local values, norms, ontological classes, and social relations. In short, this article argues against interpretations of interjections that focus on internal emotional states by providing an account of their meanings in terms of situational, discursive, and social context. p a u l k o c k e l m a n is McKennan Post-Doctoral Fellow in Linguistic Anthropology in the Department of Anthropology at Dartmouth College (Hanover, N.H. 03755, U.S.A. [paul.kockelman@dartmouth.edu]). Born in 1970, he was educated at the University of California, Santa Cruz (B.A., 1992) and the University of Chicago (M.S., 1994; Ph.D., 2002). His publications include â€Å"The Collection of Copal among the Q’eqchi’-Maya† (Research in Economic Anthropology 20:163–94), â€Å"Factive and Counterfactive Clitics in Q’eqchi’-Maya: Stance, Status, and Subjectivity,† in Papers from the Thirty-eighth Annual Regional Meeting of the Chicago Linguistics Society (Chicago: Linguistics Society, in press), and â€Å"The Interclausal Relations Hierarchy in Q’eqchi’ Maya† (International Journal of American Linguistics 69:25–48). The present paper was submitted 1 vi 01 and accepted 27 xii 02. 1. A longer version of this article was presented at the workshop â€Å"Semiotics: Culture in Context† at the University of Chicago in January 2001. Chris Ball, Anya Bernstein, John Lucy, and Michael Silverstein all provided very helpful commentary. This article also greatly beneï ¬ ted from suggestions made by Benjamin S. Orlove and several anonymous referees. Western philosophy and linguistic theory have traditionally considered interjections at the periphery of language and primordially related to emotion. For example, the Latin grammarian Priscian deï ¬ ned interjections as â€Å"a part of speech signifying an emotion by means of an unformed word† (Padley 1976:266). Muller (1862)  ¨ thought that interjections were at the limit of what might be called language. Sapir (1921:6–7) said that they were â€Å"the nearest of all language sounds to instinctive utterance.† Bloomï ¬ eld (1984[1933]:177) said that they â€Å"occur under a violent stimulus,† and Jakobson (1960: 354) considered them exemplars of the â€Å"purely emotive stratum of language.† While interjections are no longer considered peripheral to linguistics and are now carefully deï ¬ ned with respect to their grammatical form, their meanings remain vague and elusive. In particular, although interjections are no longer characterized pure ly in terms of emotion, they are still characterized in terms of â€Å"mental states.† For example, Wierzbicka (1992:164) characterizes interjections as â€Å"[referring] to the speaker’s current mental state or mental act.† Ameka (1992a:107) says that â€Å"from a pragmatic point of view, interjections may be deï ¬ ned as a subset of items that encode speaker attitudes and communicative intentions and are contextbound,† and Montes (1999:1289) notes that many interjections â€Å"[focus] on the internal reaction of affectedness of the speaker with respect to the referent.† Philosophers have offered similar interpretations. For example, Herder thought that interjections were the human equivalent of animal sounds, being both a â€Å"language of feeling† and a â€Å"law of nature† (1966:88), and Rousseau, pursuing the origins of language, theorized that protolanguage was â€Å"entirely interjectional† (1990:71). Indeed, such philosophers have posited a historical transition from interjections to language in which the latter allows us not only to index pain and express passion but also to denote values and exercise reason (D’Atri 1995).2 Thus interjections have been understood as a semiotic artifact of our natural origins and the most transparent index of our emotions. Such an understanding of interjections is deeply rooted in Western thought. Aristotle (1984), for example, posited a contrastive relationship between voice, proper only to humans as instantiated in language, and sound, shared by humans and animals as instantiated in cries. This contrastive relation was then compared with other analogous contrastive relations, in particular, value and pleasure/pain, polis and household, and bios (the good life, or political life proper to humans) and zoe (pure life, shared by all living things). Such a contrast is so pervasive that modern philosophers such as Agamben (1995) have devoted much of their scholarly work to the thinking out of this tradition and others built on it such as id versus ego in the Freudian paradigm. In short, the folk distinction made between interjections and language 2. D’Atri (1995:124) argues that, for Rousseau, â€Å"interjections . . . are sounds and not voices: they are passive registerings and as such do not presuppose the intervention of will, which is what characterizes human acts of speech.† Proper maps onto a larger set of distinctions in Western thought: emotion and cognition, animality and humanity, nature and culture, female and male, passion and reason, bare life and the good life, pain and value, private and public, and so on (see, e.g., Lutz 1988, Strathern 1988). In this article I avoid such abstracting and dichotomizing traps by going straight to the heart of interjections: their everyday usage in actual discourse when seen in the context of local culture and grounded in a semiotic framework. I begin by characterizing the linguistic and ethnographic context in which I carried out my research and go on to relate interjections to other linguistic forms, showing how they are both similar to and distinct from other classes of words in natural languages. Next I provide and exemplify a semiotic framework, generalizable across languages, in terms of which the indexical objects and pragmatic functions of interjections can best be characterized. Then I detail the local usage of the 12 most commonly used interjections in Q’eqchi’ and show the way in which they are tied into all things cultural: values, norms, ontological classes, social relations, and so on. I conclude by discussing the relative frequency with which the various forms and functions of interjections are used. In short, I argue against interpretations of interjections that focus on emotional states by providing an account of their meanings in terms of situational, discursive, and social context. Linguistic and Ethnographic Context While I am attempting to provide as wide a theoretical account of interjections as I can, thereby providing a metalanguage for speaking about similar sign phenomena in other languages, I am also trying to capture the grammatical niceties of Q’eqchi’ Maya and the discursive and social particularities of one Q’eqchi’-speaking village in particular. Before I begin my analysis, then, I want to sketch the linguistic and ethnographic context in which I worked. Q’eqchi’ is a language in the Kichean branch of the Mayan family, spoken by some 360,000 speakers in Guatemala (in the departments of Alta Verapaz, Izabel, and Peten) and Belize (Kaufman 1974, Stewart 1980). 3 Lin ´ guistically, Q’eqchi’ is relatively well described: scholars such as Berinstein (1985), Sedat (1955), Stewart (1980), Stoll (1896), and Chen Cao et al. (1997) have discussed its syntax, morphology, phonology, and lexicon, and I have detailed various morphosyntactic forms (encoding grammatical categories such as mood, status, evidentiality, taxis, and inalienable possession) as they intersect with sociocultural values and contextual features and as they illuminate local modes of personhood (Kockelman 3. Typologically, Q’eqchi’ is a morphologically ergative, head-marking language. In Q’eqchi’, vowel length (signaled by doubling letters) is phonemic; /k/ and /q/ are velar and uvular plosives, respectively, and /x/ and /j/ are palato-alveolar and velar fricatives, respectively. All other phonemes have their standard IPA values. 2002, 2003a, b). This article is therefore part of a larger project in which I examine how intentional and evaluative stances are encoded in natural languages and the relations that such stances bear to local modes of subjectivity. Alta Verapaz, the original center of the Q’eqchi’-speaking people who still make up the majority of its population, has had a unusual history even by Guatemalan standards. In 1537, after the Spanish crown had failed to conquer the indigenous peoples living there, the Dominican Friar Bartolome de Las Casas was permitted to  ´ pacify the area through religious methods. Having succeeded, he changed the name of the area from Tezulutlan (Land of War) to Verapaz (True Peace), and the Dominicans were granted full control over the area—the state banning secular immigration, removing all military colonies, and nullifying previous land grants. In this way, for almost 300 years the area remained an isolated enclave, relatively protected by the paternalism of the church in comparison with other parts of Guatemala (King 1974, Sapper 1985). This ended abruptly in the late 1800s, however, with the advent of coffee growing, liberal reforms, and the inï ¬â€šux of Europeans (Cambranes 1985, Wagner 1996). Divested of their land and forced to work on coffee plantations, the Q’eqchi’ began migrating north into the unpopulated lowland forests of the Peten  ´ and Belize (Adams 1965, Carter 1969, Howard 1975, Kockelman 1999, Pedroni 1991, Saa Vidal 1979, Schwartz 1990, Wilk 1991). In the past 40 years this migration has been fueled by a civil war that has ravaged the Guatemalan countryside, with the Q’eqchi’ ï ¬â€šeeing not just scarce resources and labor quotas but also their own nation’s soldiers—often forcibly conscripted speakers of other Mayan languages (Carmack 1988, IWGIA 1978, Wilson 1995). As a consequence, the past century has seen the Q’eqchi’ population spread from Alta Verapaz to the Peten and ï ¬ nally to Belize, Mexico, and even the  ´ United States. Indeed, although only the fourth largest of some 24 Mayan languages, Q’eqchi’ is thought to have the largest percentage of monolinguals, and the ethnic group is Guatemala’s fastest-growing and most geographically extensive (Kaufman 1974, Stewart 1980). The two key ethnographies of Q’eqchi’-speakers have been written by Wilk (1991) and Wilson (1995), the former treating household ecology in Belize and the latter upheavals in village life and identity at the height of the civil war in highland Guatemala during the 1980s. In addition to these monographs, there are also a number of dissertations and articles on the history (King 1974, Sapper 1985, Wagner 1996), ecology (Carter 1969, Secaira 1992, Wilson 1972), and migration (Adams 1965, Howard 1975, Pedroni 1991) of Q’eqchi’-speaking people. The data for this article are based on almost two years of ethnographic and linguistic ï ¬ eldwork among speakers of Q’eqchi’, most of it in Ch’inahab, a village of some 80 families (around 650 people) in the municipality of San Juan Chamelco, in the department of Alta Verapaz. At an altitude of approximately 2,400 m, Ch’inahab is one of the highest villages in this area, with an annual precipitation of more than 2,000 mm. It is also one of the most remote, access to the closest road requiring a three-hour hike down a steep and muddy single-track trail. Its relatively high altitude and remote location provide the perfect setting for cloud forest, and such a cloud forest provides the perfect setting for the resplendent quetzal, being home to what is thought to be the highest density of such birds in the world. Because of the existence of the quetzal and the cloud forest in which it makes its home, Ch’inahab has been the site of a successful eco-tourism project the conditions and consequences of which are detailed in my dissertation (Kockelman 2002). While the majority of villagers in Ch’inahab are monolingual speakers of Q’eqchi’, some men who have served time in the army or worked as itinerant traders speak some Spanish. All the villagers are Catholic. Ch’inahab is divided by a mountain peak with dwellings on both of its sides and in the surrounding valleys. It takes about 45 minutes to hike across the village. At one end there is a biological station kept by the eco-tourism project and used sporadically by European ecologists, and at the other there is a Catholic church and a cemetery. In the center there is a small store, a school for primary and secondary grades, and a soccer ï ¬ eld. The surrounding landscape is cloud forest giving way to scattered house sites, agricultural parcels, pasture, and ï ¬ elds now fallow. All villagers engage in corn-based, or milpa, agriculture, but very few have enough land to fulï ¬ ll all of their subsistence needs.4 For this reason, many women in the village are dedicated to chicken husbandry, most men in the village engage in seasonal labor on plantations (up to ï ¬ ve months a year in some cases), and many families engage in itinerant trade (women weaving baskets and textiles for the men to sell) and eco-tourism (the women hosting tourists and the men guiding them). Dwelling sites often contain a scattering of houses in which reside an older couple and their married sons, all of whom share a water source and a pasture. The individual families themselves often have two houses, a relatively traditional thatched-roof house in which the family cooks and sleeps and a relatively new house with a tin roof in which they host festivals and in which older children and ecotourists may sleep. Because of eco-tourism and the inï ¬â€šux of money and strangers that it brings, there has been an increase in the construction of such tin-roofed houses, and, as will be seen, many of my examples of interjections come from such construction contexts. My data on the use of interjections among villagers in Ch’inahab comes from 14 months of ï ¬ eldwork carried out between 1998 and 2001. The data collection con4. Before 1968, what is now Ch’inahab was owned by the owner of a plantation. Q’eqchi’-speakers who lived in the village of Popobaj (located to the south of and lower than Ch’inahab) were permitted to make their milpa in this area in exchange for two weeks of labor per month on the ï ¬ nca (Secaira 1992:20). Only in 1968, when a group of villagers got together to form a land acquisition committee, were some 15 caballerÄ ±as (678 ha) of land purchased from the owner  ´ for 4,200 quetzals (US$4,200). This land, while legally owned by the entire community, was divided among the original 33 villagers as a function of their original contributions.